When she was, already married and the mother of a little boy, she met some refugees. development. greater attachment to employers and more satisfaction with its situation. und Gesellschaftsforschung, in Yildiz and Hill, Perspektiven jenseits der Parallelgesellschaft, For new mobilities paradigm, see for example Thomas Faist, The Mobility Turn: A New. Ausbilden im Betrieb. She answered: “But why not? Without this book (and especially the chapter written by Verena, Mock and Renate Bräuniger), my comments on the introduction of, women’s voting rights in Appenzell would not have been possible in this, form. , Amsterdam: Editions Rodopi 2010, 163–184. International Journal of Postcolonial Studies, In what follows, see Ruramisai Charumbira, Becoming Imperial. as accurately as possible, to ensure that really only those mothers will be. economics can be followed throughout the nineteenth century. ePAK celebrates 20 years of producing exceptional Semiconductor Transfer & Handling products! Indeed, it can be argued that it was the presence of this, infrastructure that, together with other inuences, led to a progressive, life—whether adopted voluntarily or involuntarily—and the new infra-, structure that emerged to cater to these needs assumed a force of their, plete the revised picture of the relation between migration and gender, innovation in Switzerland, this chapter ends with an examination of the, personnel working in nurseries, this time focusing specically on male, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01626-5_4, The rst institution declared to be a ‘nursery’ (crèche) was opened in, Paris in 1844. According to Katharina Walgenbach, the German colonies were there-, fore less places of women’s liberation than scenes of subordination of the, racialized other. families focused most often on the resulting problems, for example, cases of alcoholism. The Women’s W, practised ‘sitting on a man’ on a larger scale. There, she fought for, among other things, a hospital emergency centre for rape victims and for, Her experience of migration shaped her political engagement. in this, publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specic statement, that such names are. Her career culminated with an appointment, in 1944, to, the chair of ordinary professor of higher geometr, and actuarial sciences, which she held for nearly thirty years. women’s struggle ‘and may have come across that strategy which seemed. It is important to realise that, initially, only very few Swiss, women made use of their right to study at a university, ture of the female students from the Tsarist Empire (numbers peaked. Julia Nentwich, Patricia Purtschert, Linda Ratschiller, Bernhard C. Schär, and the participants at the following events for their valuable questions, and comments: ‘From Colonisation to Globalisation’, conference at the. I said: “What the hell is going on here?” and my sister-in-law replied: “Welcome to Switzerland, darling! decline in demand for nursery places by Swiss families. School of Humanities and Social Sciences of the University of St. Gallen. damit wirklich nur solche Mütter berücksichtigt werden, die unbedingt arbeiten müssen’. Berufsbildnerkurs FaBe K AUSGEBUCHT 13.11. With regard to the environmental design, furthermore, we found that plants and pot plants were placed where children can more often perceive them, for example. to use railway stations as meeting points, E.H., Briefe an die NZZ. The Cultural Conquest of the Sioux and Their V. American Historical Society by Masthof Press 2017. When I went to secondary school. Zeitschrift für Biograhieforschung, Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Soziologie, Aufriss der historischen Wissenschaften. Girls were, for instance, taught domestic skills by older, The aim was to instruct these women so that they would be able. Colonial policies thus specically aimed, Line Nyhagen Predelli and Jon Miller, Piety and Patriarchy: Contested Gender. However, Julia Onken’s argumentation was criticised by different women’s groups, see for, In this context, see also Stefanie C. Boulila, Insignicant Signication: A Feminist Critique. See also Dos Santos Pinto, Spuren. Slavische Kunst und Kultur im Schweizer Exil, in. © 2008-2020 ResearchGate GmbH. such experiences. see Kijan Espahangizi, Im Wartesaal der Integration, in: terra cognita. Sie ist sehr sprachbegabt, sie konnte auch umstellen, sie konnte mehr. For instance, if my, mother had been Swiss and my father Italian, I would not have received. It, would therefore be interesting to study more binational cases in which, At this point, we turn to emigration from Switzerland and its associ-, ated gender effects. , Zürich: Chronos 2011, 141–158; Samuel-Martin Behloul, Mit dem Fremden politisieren. However, in historical research, the negative opinion expressed in. The predominately Catholic Appenzell, Innerrhoden, with approximately 16,000 inhabitants today, and the largely, Protestant Ausserrhoden, with currently about 54,000 inhabitants, were the, last two Swiss cantons to introduce female suffrage. Phyllis, A good overview of Switzerland in the twentieth centur, Geschichte der Schweiz im 20. in this, publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specic statement, that such names are. In addition, since relationships of power are naturalised by their everyday. Such communities were. proportion change as a social demotion. claiming that unaccompanied women would no longer dare to enter. She was one of the rst girls in the local, high school and would have liked to study medicine, but for nancial rea, According to her, she questioned the exclusion of women from the, Polish woman, who was married to one of her cousins, opened her, eyes. Festschrift für Claudia Honegger zum 60. Sarah, Migration, Geschlecht und der Kampf um Rechte. Paid, only as a lecturer, Tumarkin was the rst woman in Europe to have the, right to supervise Ph.D.s and review habilitations. , Amsterdam: Editions Rodopi 2010, 163–184, 178. 16, 2 (2005), 47–67; Katharina Walgenbach. In 1949, she was incarcerated and spent. Auswertung eines Dokumentes aus einem sozialpädagogischen Tätigkeitsbereich, Krippen ‘sind grundsätzl. Rolande Gaillard, Enquêtes sur les programmes sco-, Bund der Schweizerischen Frauenvereine, Erhebung über die Lehrpläne in den, Volksschulen, 1968, 132. sify ‘migrants’ as belonging—can provide specic resources. The ‘problem’, however, is not migration itself, but rather the, enabling conditions of our political and economic system, for instance in, regard to the inequality under which most South–North migration takes, A sedentary bias can also be found in academic approaches to migra-, tion. ever possible, be addressed by means of an agency-centred approach, while at the same time taking into account those social structures that. the post-war period, rising wages and family allowances in Switzerland, did not result in a decrease in the number of nurseries—quite to the, As is the case with any form of historical change, various causes, more normal phenomenon in Switzerland. According to the interviewee, it was possible only for an ‘outsider’ to, get involved in something like this: ‘[S]he was capable of doing it, that’s. would, presumably, affect how the specic situation was perceived and, later, described. Papers in Honour. Migration, therefore, does not always imply empowerment and emancipation, but also generates new forms of social inequality. fore an obstacle to the labour movement, and that, on the other hand, social movements were frequently labelled as coming from abroad, a strat, egy used in order to delegitimise them. view of history, such democratic decits simply become invisible. In such interviews, the course of the conversation is shaped interactively, so to speak ‘step by step’. Über, Ausschaffungen, den ‘Austausch mit Afrika’, Alltagsrassismus und die Angst vor der, und Folgen eines Kolonialismus ohne Kolonien, In 1958, the National Council debated the vote to be held one year, later. Against this backdrop, it comes as no surprise that Hardegger saw the, independence of Lesotho in 1966 critically and returned to Switzerland. My translation. tion to gender inequality have to be addressed. Thomas became a pioneer in women’s educa-, asked many experts to name the twelve great-. This work is subject to copyright. women could pursue regular studies at universities open to both sexes. that are not passed down in other historical sources. , Basel: Helbing & Lichtenhahn 1988, 182. Auflage 2016 978-3-906025-16-2 K+K Literaturvertrieb GmbH, Wallisellen (www.book-online.ch) Qualifikationsverfahren FaBe mit PkOrg Published on Sep 27, 2012 Katharina Walgenbach, Emanzipation als koloniale Fiktion: Zur sozialen Position, Weisser Frauen in den deutschen Kolonien, in, Compared with the Protestant missions, especially to the Basel Mission, little research, has been done on the Catholic mission in Switzerland. These were often opposed to those of the men, and, only collectively could they hold their own. Jahrhundert, In this context, see Efremkin. spectives and thereby to challenge some fundamental assumptions. Frühe Frauenstimmrechtsbewegung in der Schweiz (1890–1930). For, these reasons, it is not a linear success story that I want to tell. the largest group of immigrants in Switzerland. These books investigate the causes and consequences, of migration, whether for economic, religious, humanitarian or polit-, ical reasons, and the policies and organizations that facilitate or chal-, migrants’ experiences, the communities left behind and the societies. Many people report similar experiences, ‘L’étude ci-jointe révèle pourtant une situation très claire: la llette e la jeune lle, suisse reçoit, à l’école primaire, une instruction inférieure à celle que reçoit le garçon. Papers in Honour. Important factors were, for, instance, the so-called new women’s movement, which challenged the, traditional division of labour, as well as the spread of part-time work. mental to the functioning of capitalism. sised early on by the local elites. Patrick Manning, Cross-Community Migration: A Distinctive Human Pattern, he marginalises females as historical agents, as Donna Gabaccia has rightly, town or city can be just as much an occasion of knowledge creation as the, relocation from one continent to another’, as Simone Lässig and Swen, how productive the intersection between the history of knowledge and, with some kind of migration experience have often developed a different, view of history. where both race and gender discrimination were involved. She was charged with being a rootless cosmopolitan and sentenced to, death. , Zürich: Chronos 2011, 141–158; Samuel-Martin Behloul, Mit dem Fremden politisieren. Mariarosa Dalla Costa, sione sociale con ‘Il posto della donna’ di Selma James, Safa Elisa Shaukat, L’approccio di genere alla prova delle migrazioni di stagionali in. ment, the changing social composition of children attending nurseries is, both diagnosed and legitimised. Already in 1967, such shortfalls were described by Maria Bonada in, tique gained traction more broadly only with the rise of the new wom-, en’s movement in the 1970s, as Sarah Baumann has shown in her, Jahrhunderten zur Situation der Frauen in der Schweiz, Die Stellung der Frau in der Schweiz. Engagement italienischer Migrantinnen in Politik. with individuals who had acted as agents of change in both cantons. , Herisau: Appenzeller Verlag 1999, 424–441, 431. est American women, almost all chose to include her on their list. By invading his space, they forced him to pay, attention. women gained the right to vote in 1971, while in some cantons female, voting rights were withheld even longer, the last canton being Appenzell, Innerrhoden, which nally was forced to introduce female suffrage in, The rst formal association promoting political and legal equality for, women was established in Geneva in 1868 by Marie Goegg-Pouchoulin, as part of an international movement for peace. Dokumente aus zwei Jahrhunderten zur, https://www.ted.com/talks/chimamanda_adichie_the_danger_, Many migrant women thus had to reconcile the con-, Einwanderung, Frauenarbeit, Mutterschaft. Probleme der schweizerischen, Frauen in der Emigration. university-based childcare sites. In, addition, it was considered a central task of these institutions to con-, vey to the working class the bourgeois way of life and due respect for, In Switzerland, there are and have been numerous names for the facilities where chil-, dren from the age of three months are professionally cared for. rights is thus erased both from history and the present. Probably because of her prominent reputation, her punishment, was commuted to a prison term. Befreiungsperspektiven. In this context, however, it is important to stress that this, does not mean losing sight of specic privileges or forms of discrimina-, On my understanding, using a broad concept of migration in fact means, the opposite of being blind to differences. women’s struggle ‘and may have come across that strategy which seemed. Instead, all elds of society have to be looked at differently: democracy, agricul-, ture, or, as is the case here, gender equality, ily a history of migration, which can be found in books that specically, address this topic, but a ‘migrantisation’ of our understanding of the, the point of view of a sedentary bias, then it inevitably becomes some-, thing that ‘needs to be xed’ by a certain set of policies: ‘The repres-, sive variant is tight border control, the more liberal one is addressing the, “root causes” of migration—especially poverty and violence in origin, Some of the thoughts I am developing here have already been presented in a very. public nurseries were not always the rst—or even a realistic—choice. Studentinnen - am Beispiel der Universität Bern. The question therefore arises as to whether, such differences map less onto language borders than onto the dif, To complete the revised picture of the relation between migration and, gender innovation in Switzerland, we will now turn to the personnel, working in nurseries, this time focusing specically on male staff mem-, men to work in nurseries, because as a social institution, it should reect, Inés Mateos, Gleichgestellt? Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have, been made. ceeded in preventing a change in the composition of the editorial staff. So much for the space of, recognition that is granted to important women in the Swiss capital. For instance, emancipatory demands were incorporated under ver, cic conditions, in a way that the exibilisation of working hours, an important feminist, demand of the new women’s movement, led to the fact that employers now have more, easily access to workers at home. town of Will refused to seat Italians towards the front of the premises. The women in par-, ticular experienced a discrepancy between the role they had internalised, not necessarily imply more personal autonomy for women, as female, employment does not automatically result in gender equality in the, undervalues unpaid care work. so exotic in a small place in the Swiss mountains’. See also Linda Ratschiller and Siegfried Weichlein, schwarze Körper als Missionsgebiet. Seeing society through the lens of migration alters the perspective from which our past and thus our present is told—and our future imagined. Even though the term, , Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press 2013, 7–54, 13. I am convinced that such, an approach can be highly rewarding, as such processes are most often, neglected. Other forms of migration—such as a change of, residence for the purpose of tax reduction—are not usually labelled as, migration. 23, 2 (2013), 326–345, 329. founding event for a female suffrage association. Iris von Roten (1917–1990) became an icon of Swiss fem, inism by publishing a provocative book at the time of the rst national, plebiscite on female suffrage in Switzerland in 1959. Wyss 1894, 60. Hautfarbe kein Thema war, in Berlowitz, Joris, and Meierhofer-Mangeli, Der Treffpunkt Schwarzer Frauen in Zürich, course back in our country of origin. to take up residence, they would sometimes live with a Swiss family dur-, ing the week and stay with their parents only on weekends. • Jeder Aufgabe müssen mind. For instance, in recent essays I have shown how Swiss history has, often been written in such a way as to frame migration as, above all, a. challenge or problem in need of a solution. Appenzeller und Schweizer Bürgerrecht verloren hatte mit ihrer Hochzeit”. Thomas Faist, The Mobility Turn: A New Paradigm for the Social Sciences? In his tract on the introduction of compulsory domestic schooling, he, argued that the impoverishment of families was not caused by their mea-, gre income, but mainly by the incompetence of housewives: ‘The woman, does not know how to give the man a pleasant home and drives him, to the pub. In addition, the alleged effects of mothers’ working on children’s health, for instance, in no other region of Switzerland did one see so many deaf, done by the women, who would often carry the heaviest bur, their backs uphill and downhill even on the day of their parturition, to, the clumsiness of the midwives, and to bad childcare in general. However, according to Goel, these stories could also be told, in a different way: strong women forged their own path—and their hus-, bands joined in. for instance, gained her doctorate at the Philosophical Faculty of, the University of Zurich in 1882, the rst woman to do so in the. Facts and Figures 2012, in: Ester Gallo and Francesca Scrinzi, Men and Masculinities in the International Division, addition, the authors point to the small number of these cases in their setting and there-, fore recommend a cautious interpretation of these gures. I would cordially like to thank Elisabeth Joris for this indication. 4, 2–4, 4. 44 BBV). Increasingly, published that explicitly refrained from pathologising female work and, which tried to take into account that couples had signicant leeway in. , Bologna: Società editrice il Mulino 2016, 113–128, 119. founding event for a female suffrage association. But denitions always, act simultaneously as headlights and blinkers. According to her, in the cities. Bevölkerungsentwicklung und Bevölkerungspolitik 1945–1976, Arbeitssituation italienischer Frauen in der Schweiz, Levy, Die Stellung der Frau in Familie und Gesellschaft. Bericht der Eidgenössischen Kommission. When Women Come First. ful. For instance, if my, mother had been Swiss and my father Italian, I would not have received. Der Kanton Bern bietet das fachrichtungsspezifische Ausbildungsmodell an. Zeitschrift für interdisziplinäre, 3 (2015), 155–165; Francesca Falk, Hat die gegenwärtige Schweiz so wenig, , London and New York: Routledge 2006; Oliver Bakewell, Keeping Them, struggle for gender equality too has so far mostly been, The signicance of migration as a possible motor of equal, Donna R. Gabaccia, Gender and Migration, in, Its ndings, however, have implications for the under. Zürich: Hans Rohr 1987, 14. , Bellinzona: Casagrande 2004, 203–220, 204. historically connected to ghting women in Nigeria and Switzerland. In fact, it was the only time that a teacher. War is a historic example of both a feminist and an anti-colonial protest. Jews and those, dependent on nancial assistance), it has to be acknowledged that in, Switzerland the right to political participation—or not—followed gen-. Fribourg and Neuchâtel, companies are also obliged to co-nance nurs-, here the inuence of the respective neighbouring countries on devel-, opments in Switzerland, for instance regarding perceptions of mother-, Republic of Germany and in France. and professions, and/or to challenge unsustainable or untoward practices in education and professional practice more broadly, our current practices must be interrogated. at the ‘new’ location is of a similar length. BoÅ¡kovska was born in Macedonia, but has lived in Switzerland since she, These examples show that it could be a stimulating undertaking to, migration played a formative role in the establishment of women’s and. Regarding these commercial rights a non-exclusive license has been, The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. What is very interesting in such constellations are the. Research in Switzerland and the. Without this book (and especially the chapter written by Verena, Mock and Renate Bräuniger), my comments on the introduction of, women’s voting rights in Appenzell would not have been possible in this, form. Switzerland wanted voting rights for women. Research in Switzerland and the. A compact overview, from the south discovered ‘women’s emancipation’ through living in, Switzerland also experienced the opposite. It is therefore ver, cult to nd comparable data and to make corresponding general statements for the whole, country. At, the farewell in the village square in Trogen, she explained to Elisabeth, Pletscher that she was happy to be able to leave Switzerland, because it, was a provincial backwater. Instead, all elds of society have to be looked at, differently: democracy, agriculture, or, as is the case here, gender equal-. nomics was supposed to teach order, cleanliness, economy and diligence. She points to the fact that ‘the word, movement has two distinct meanings. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published, This Palgrave Pivot imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature, The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland, For Anna and Vian—and for everyone who cared for them while, My special thanks for their help in drafting this book go to Cenk. of Economic Citizenship among Skilled Migrant Women in Switzerland, Mirjana Morokvasic, Migration, Gender, Empowerment, in, Geschlecht und Migration in transnationalen Räumen. of Economic Citizenship among Skilled Migrant Women in Switzerland, Mirjana Morokvasic, Migration, Gender, Empowerment, in, Geschlecht und Migration in transnationalen Räumen. With the effects of the rst and second oil crisis, the situation changed. An advocate of domestic education wrote in 1893 that more . This right to education was not, however, fought for by Swiss women. Michael Hermann, Mario Nowak, and Lorenz Bosshardt, Sie wollen beides. For instance, it has been showed, that in the USA, African-American mothers were more than twice as likely to be employed, New York: Oxford University Press 1999, The same applies to women ‘migrants’ to the. The resulting oppressive. For instance, Floya Anthias called this, indicates that such situations have a potential for transformation, but she, Patricia Purtschert and Katrin Meyer, Die Macht der Kategorien. (2010), 872–886. In addition, the letter stated that that we, should indicate either our joint account or my husband’s account. Akdoganbulut, Sarah Baumann, Simone Bleuer, Kijan Espahangizi, Marcel Falk, Hans Fässler, Donna Gabaccia, Hansjörg Höchner, Paola, Höchner-Gallicani, Rohit Jain, Chad Jorgenson, Elisabeth Joris, Sherry. Für die Ausbildung von Lernenden im Betrieb müssen Berufsbildnerinnen und Berufsbildner über eine berufspädagogische Qualifikation verfügen (Art. In 1936, she was called, upon to replace, as a lecturer, a sick professor from the Department of, Geometry at the University of Neuchâtel. bourgeois values and norms into the working class. All rights reserved. Kommission für Frauenfragen, Eidgenössische Drucksachen und Materialzentrale 1980, 5. Sometimes, they demolished his hut or plastered it with mud. historical perspective that we can recognise how profoundly the social. in den 1970er Jahren, in Morawek and Krenn. Für eine neue Politisierung feministischer Bedürfnisse (2009), in: any EU country, which is in turn directly linked to a comparatively high level of female, employment. Patricia Purtschert shows brilliantly how the restrictive r, for women could be enforced by an affective integration of the Swiss, housewife into a colonial imaginary. Under these circumstances, the established nursery infrastr, ture became under-used. This book is an open access, Published with the support of the Swiss National Science Foundation, NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (, reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original, author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if, you modied the licensed material. Riehen was. Instead of simply showing how this migration was perceived by con-. for the development of this kind of infrastructure. In his tract on the introduction of compulsory domestic schooling, he, argued that the impoverishment of families was not caused by their mea-, gre income, but mainly by the incompetence of housewives: ‘The woman, does not know how to give the man a pleasant home and drives him, to the pub.